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Glossary Ac acetyl acetyl-CoA acetyl-coenzyme A AKI acute kidney injury AMBRA1 activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ARE antioxidant response element ATP adenosine triphosphate BAX Bcl-2-associated X protein BINP3 B-cell lymphoma 2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 BINP3L BINP3-like BUN blood urea nitrogen CAPE caffeic acid phenethyl ester CKD chronic kidney diseases CPT1 carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 CPT2 carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 Cytc cytochrome c DKD diabetic kidney disease DRP1 dynamin related protein 1 EGCG epigallocatechin 3-gallate ERRs estrogen-related receptors ESRD end-stage renal diseases ETC electron transport chain FAO fatty acid -oxidation FIS1 fission 1 protein FoxO3a forkhead box class O 3a FUNDC1 FUN14 domain-containing protein 1 GSSG oxidized GSSH GSH glutathione GSPE grape seed proanthocyanidin extract GPX glutathione peroxidases HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor-1 IMM inner mitochondrial membrane IRI ischemia-reperfusion injury Keap1 kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 LKB1 liver kinase B1 MiD49 mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 MFF mitochondrial fission factor Mfn1 mitofusin 1 mPTP mitochondrial permeability transition pore MQC Mitochondrial quality control NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nrf2 nuclear factor-erythroid-derived 2-like 2 NRF nuclear respiratory factors OMM outer mitochondrial membrane OPA1 optic atrophy 1 OXPHOS oxidative phosphorylation Parkin parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PA-S14 piericidin analogue S14 PINK1 PTEN-induced kinase 1 PGC-1 PPAR coactivator-1 PPAR peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor PNS panax notoginseng saponins PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- ROS reactive oxygen species SIRT1 sirtuin-1 SIRT3 sirtuin-3 SLC25A20 carnitineacylcarnitine translocase Scr serum creatinine SOD superoxide dismutase TCA tricarboxylic acid TECs tubular epithelial cells TFAM mitochondrial transcription factor A Ub ubiquitin UIRI unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury UUO unilateral ureteral obstruction

DSIP and Selank are both studied for stress regulation and neurological support, but through different mechanisms

Mol Psychiatry (2026)

Musculoskeletal Research: Studied in tendon, ligament, and muscle injury models, where it has been linked with improved angiogenesis and repair responses