In addition to the filter paper, the same diameter circle sheets of cellulose cooking paper (Lion, Tokyo, Japan) and unwoven sheet cut out from surgical mask 73622-01 (As One Corporation, Osaka, Japan) were used for immobilization as sheet-type carrier
Together, these findings suggest that cellular resistance to cuproptosis also depends on a hierarchically organized copper-buffering system, in which mtGSH provides rapid, dynamic metal buffering, whereas metallothioneins confer sustained high-affinity sequestration to prevent mitochondrial copper overload
This process is exacerbated by smoking, pollution, exposure to UV or ionizing radiation, eating fried foods or those cooked at high temperatures, as well as engaging in high-intensity exercise (12)
Additionally, Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) demonstrated major differences in the composition of the microbiota between these two groups, further emphasizing the modifications imposed by ATX on the intestinal microbiota of the MCAO rats (Fig