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This article reviews the common forms of PCD involved in the pathogenesis of DOR, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis (Figure 1)

7.4 L-carnitine L-Carnitine (3-Hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl) butanoate) is a biological compound that is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues and fluids where it is required for -oxidation of fatty acids by facilitating their transport in the form of acyl-carnitine esters across the mitochondrial inner membrane (206)

These findings suggest that targeting RIPK1 may represent a potential strategy for intervening in retinal degenerative diseases, such as AMD, and highlight the importance of combining multiple markers to distinguish between different types of cell death

Uric acid nephropathy is caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the collecting tubules, renal pelvis or the ureter and results in impaired urine flow