In line with patient studies, cellular and mouse models of ALS also showed high levels of ROS, along with elevated oxidation of membrane phospholipids (HNE, MDA), DNA (8-OHdG), and proteins (protein carbonyl groups, 3-NT) [94, 109,110,111]
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In various types of cancers, including gastric (5), lung (27), breast (17,28), endometrial (29), cervical (30), prostate (31) and head and neck tumors (21), the downregulation or complete silencing of GPX3 gene expression, along with hypermethylation of CpG in the CpG island of the GPX3 promoter, have been observed (32)
6 Future directions 6.1 Novel drug delivery systems (nanodelivery, co-delivery systems) 6.1.1 Nanodelivery technology to enhance bioavailability Functional food active ingredients often suffer from poor water solubility, easy degradation, and low bioavailability