This molecule simultaneously activates the Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and Glucagon receptors
Important safety considerations include risks of pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, worsening of diabetic retinopathy (particularly with rapid improvement in blood glucose), and potential kidney injury if dehydration occurs due to gastrointestinal side effects
Both medications share similar side effects , most commonly gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and reduced appetite
Collectively, these findings suggest that L-carnitine promotes -oxidation, reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, and exerts antioxidant effects, potentially through the AMPK-SIRT1-PPAR-PGC1-CPT1 signaling network