Drug exposure The study cohort consisted of new users of GLP-1RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide or semaglutide), SGLT2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin or empagliflozin), metformin and other second- or third-line glucose-lowering drugs (thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, -glucosidase inhibitors, insulin or a combination of glucose-lowering drugs)
Instrumental variable double positive control validation To validate the validity and reliability of the instrumental variables, we extracted data from two large authoritative databases for double-positive control analyses
However, some users report new or worsening gut symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and slowed digestion after starting treatment
To report a serious adverse event or obtain product information, contact 1-866-280-2852