Free radicals are unstable molecules produced naturally in the body as a by-product of metabolism, stress, UV exposure, pollution, or poor lifestyle habits
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Senescent cells are cells that have permanently halted their cell cycle ('replicative arrest') but resist apoptosissometimes called 'zombie cells.' They accumulate with age in multiple tissues and secrete a pro-inflammatory cocktail called the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), containing IL-6, IL-8, MMP-3, MMP-9, TNF-, and other factors that damage surrounding healthy tissue
Glutamine, through conversion to glutamate and subsequently to -ketoglutarate (-KG), not only fuels the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for energy generation but also contributes carbon skeletons for lipid, carbohydrate, and nucleotide biosynthesis, thus sustaining the high metabolic demands of activated fibroblasts [8]