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Epidemiology: High levels of vitamin B12 were found in: Causes: Excessive supplementation (a direct increase in plasma vitamin B12 by excess intake or administration) Increased release of vitamin B12 from tissue stores (liberation from an internal reservoir): Solid tumors (especially hepatic or hematologic malignancies) Liver metastases Increased binding proteins: 7 Excess production: Liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) damaged hepatocytes release haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) and B12 into circulation Myeloproliferative disorders these increase granulocyte production, which leads to more haptocorrin (transcobalamin I/III), a B12-binding protein produced by proliferating myeloid cells
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Food sources: Eggs, organ meats (such as kidneys and liver), lean meats, and low-fat milk
subcutaneous injection is a research/community practice with weak pharmacologic rationale, since the peptides plasma half-life is only minutes [4]
Low or poorly absorbed B12 has been associated with increased risks during pregnancy, which is why identifying absorption issues matters before conception whenever possible
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