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doi: 10.3892/IJMM.2025.5515 Summary Keywords glucagon-like peptide-1, type 2 diabetes, endothelial function, obesity, metabolic syndrome Citation Hammad BF, Zafar N, Ullah M, Faisal SJ, Iftikhar F, Waheed H, Muzaffar MW, Ahmed K, Ashraf F, Zahid K, Akhtar M and Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack M (2025) Exploring the multifaceted roles of GLP-1 receptor agonists

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At a separate -arrestin recruitment pathway at GLP-1R, reta E_max = 40% of native (partial / biased agonism), tirzepatide partial in the same direction, semaglutide full at both pathways

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