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Others may not notice significant changes or may experience unwanted side effects

Additionally, chronic conditions such as HIV and tuberculosis have been implicated in B12 deficiency due to increased metabolic demand and altered absorption mechanisms ( The diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency typically relies on low total B12 levels and elevated concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), as well as levels of transcobalamin-bound B12 (holoTC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA), which serve as functional indicators of cobalamin insufficiency ( Vitamin B12 requirements fluctuate throughout the life course, influenced by metabolic demand and physiological changes

B12 deficiency is more common than you might think, especially if you follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, have digestive issues, or are over 50

Digoxin (used to treat heart problems) Diazepam (used to treat anxiety, relax muscles or in epilepsy) Phenytoin (used in epilepsy)