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Limitations of Current Evidence Several critical limitations characterize the current evidence base for these peptide therapeutics

Metabolism of carnosine in humans Carnosine is hydrolyzed by carnosinase-2 (a Zn 2+ -dependent cytosolic enzyme in tissues) and carnosinase-1 (a Mn 2+ -dependent extracellular enzyme in human blood), but not by proteases or dipeptidases, in humans and animals

Kumru S, Aydin S, Gursu MF, Ozcan Z: Changes of serum paraoxonase (an HDL-cholesterol-associated lipophilic antioxidant) and arylesterase activities in severe preeclamptic women

The formulation includes D-Ribose at 25 mg per capsule