Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by reduced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and/or bioavailability within peri-endothelial environment, where NO is responsible for maintenance of vascular tissue integrity 3
Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol
Perhaps nowhere is this tension more apparent than in the case of chronic kidney disease (CKD)a condition that is currently difficult to treat, typically leading to dialysis, transplant, or even death
Through studies of mice and rat models, it has been determined that PPG neurons contain projection tracts to various locations on the brain, including primarily the hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, and autonomic regions such as the limbic forebrain, portions of the mesolimbic reward system, and other regions involved in learning and memory [47, 50]