Overall, macrophage polarization is more appropriately understood as the result of metabolic network remodeling, in which glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism do not operate in isolation, but instead form a highly coupled regulatory system at the levels of metabolic flux direction, signal transduction, and epigenetic regulation
In the HCQ alone group, there was edema in myelinated nerve fibers, degenerated myelinated nerve fibers associated with decreased axon density, congestion, dilatation, and collagen deposition in vessels
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Meta-analyses and systematic and narrative review articles were hand-searched for additional reports