In acute gout, MSU crystals, liberated from tissue deposits by remodeling effects or microtrauma, stimulate inflammatory cascades that involve complement activation and assembly of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex, and release of multiple inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 and the chemokines IL-8 (CXCL8) and GRO- (CXCL1)
These dosages are derived from published preclinical studies and anecdotal reports
Moreover, this conversion also promotes cell proliferation and stress responses by regulating various signaling pathways including the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family proteins [37, 49]
For example, in one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,54 1.5 mg/day of MK-4 for six to 12 months in postmenopausal women improved carboxylation of VKDPs (associated with bone health) and helped maintain bone mineral density