(4) Contraindications include conditions such as mechanical obstruction, asthma, coronary artery disease, hyperthyroidism, and epilepsy, where cholinergic stimulation may be harmful
Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal-based foods, including beef, salmon, yogurt, and milk, though some plant-based foods, like nutritional yeast, are fortified with it
It was first reported by Sawyer, Hruby, Hadley and colleagues in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1980, and it departs from native human alpha-MSH at only two of thirteen positions: norleucine replaces the oxidation-prone methionine at position 4, and the phenylalanine at position 7 is inverted to its D-enantiomer
All the other authors declare no conflict of interest