As a sensitive indicator, any variation of the optimal intracellular ratios of GSH to GSSG can result in human diseases such as cancer, cardiac disease, apoplexy and many neurological disorders 10,11,12,13,14,15
Without validated biomarkers, such as the LC3-II/I ratio, p62 level, or lysosomal hydrolase activity, the therapeutic effects on autophagy remain unclear
Traditional approaches to evaluate female fertility rely primarily on hormonal measurements (anti-Mllerian hormone [AMH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH]), ultrasound-based assessments (antral follicle count [AFC], endometrial thickness), and limited molecular functional assays (e.g., endometrial receptivity array [ERA]-based receptivity testing) [2, 5]
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