315 Astrocytes in AxD show profound alterations in morphology and function, with evidence of abnormal glutamate clearance, substantial cell stress in the form of upregulated expression of heat shock protein, MAPK pathways, JNK and p38 kinases, as well as increased autophagy and proteasomal activity
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Genomic analysis using the Broad Institutes Connectivity Map showed that GHK-Cu can influence the expression of numerous human genes
However, in diabetic wounds, the transition from M1 to M2 is disrupted, leading to the accumulation of M1 macrophages, which produce ROS and sustain long-term inflammation