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This fundamental understanding has directly catalyzed a paradigm shift in therapeutic development, moving from widespread insulin replacement to targeted interventions aimed at addressing the root causes of the disease

This glutathione supplement also focuses on long-term internal support

The decay rates for (v) and (vi) are decreased to k d / 5 and k d / 10, respectively

Abbreviations RPL: Recurrent pregnancy loss ART: Assisted reproductive technology APS: Antiphospholipid syndrome ETC: Electronic transport chain ROS: Reactive oxygen species RNS: Reactive nitrogen species MnSOD: Manganese superoxide dismutase Cu/ZnSOD: Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase NADPH: Nicotinamine adenide dinucleotide phosphate CAT: Catalase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GR: Glutathione reductase GOx: Glutathione oxidase UV: Ultra violet GSH: Glutathione GSSG: Oxidised glutathione MDA: Malondialdehyde H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide OH : Hydroxyl radicals ROO : Peroxyl radicals PC: Protein carbonyl 8-OHG: 8-Hydroxyguanosine 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine SOA: Superoxide anion TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TOL: Total oxidant level NO: Nitric acid LPO: Lipid peroxidation PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids OS: Oxidative stress NS: Nitrosative stress aCL: Anticardiolipin antibodies Se: Selenium Zn: Zinc Cu: Cooper Mn: Manganese GST: Glutathione S-transferase NAC: N -Acetylcysteine FGF: Fibroblast growth factor VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor N 2 O: Nitrous oxide NO3 : Peroxynitrite HNO 3 : Peroxynitrous acid NOS: Oxide synthase References ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL, Bender Atik R, Christiansen OB, Elson J, Kolte AM, Lewis S, Middeldorp S, et al