does tirzepatide cause rapid heart rate Increase: Evidence and Monitoring Guidance Why Does GLP-1 Increase Heart

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DECLARATIONS Authors contributions Controlled the study design and preparation of the article: Ciancimino G, Pecorella F, Viscardi SM, La Mantia C, Caserta A, Pennisi G, Petta S Participated in planning and drafting the article: Ciancimino G, Pecorella F, Viscardi SM, La Mantia C, Caserta A, Pennisi G, Petta S Approved the final draft of the article: Ciancimino G, Pecorella F, Viscardi SM, La Mantia C, Caserta A, Pennisi G, Petta S Availability of data and materials Not applicable

Key Characteristics Mechanism of Action Pharmacological Profile Direct Receptor Activation Binds to IGF-1 receptors on target tissues Stimulates glucose uptake and utilization Promotes protein synthesis and cellular proliferation Activates intracellular signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT) Anabolic Effects Promotes muscle hypertrophy and satellite cell activation Enhances collagen deposition and tissue repair Stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis Supports bone mineralization Anti-Catabolic Action Inhibits muscle breakdown (proteolysis) Reduces protein degradation during stress Maintains lean mass during caloric restriction Supports recovery from injury or illness Key Advantages Over Natural IGF-1 Clinical Pearls: Metabolic Modulation: IGF-1 LR3 enhances insulin sensitivity and nutrient partitioning, making it particularly valuable in metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance states

Cost-Effectiveness Analyses: Comprehensive economic evaluations are essential to support broader adoption within public health frameworks, assessing long-term benefits in cardiovascular event reduction and complication management to inform reimbursement policies