Reduced cGMP signaling associated with neointimal proliferation and vascular dysfunction in late-stage atherosclerosis
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) represent an additional regulatory layer with therapeutic potential
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The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (A, Tau, and -synuclein), the suppression of Ca 2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis